The Dark Underbelly of Social Media Addiction and its Consequences: A Narrative Review of the Allure of Online Likes

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Department of Clinical Neurosciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background: In the modern era, social media has transformed how people connect, communicate, and assimilate information. However, as social media use becomes increasingly global, concerns have been raised about its negative impact on mental health and consequences such as behavioral addictions. This narrative review aimed to uncover the possible implications of users' obsession with social media and how it affects behavioral addictions to examine the factors contributing to social media obsession and explore the impact of social media addiction on mental health with the underlying causes of compulsive behaviors.
Methods: This narrative review was conducted using multiple databases, employing specific keywords related to social media addiction, obsessions, online likes, self-presentation, and psychological effects. A total of 71 papers were selected according to the inclusion criteria, and finally, 11 were retrieved. All the English qualitative and quantitative studies from 4 April 2011 to 14 April 2022 were included. The relevant studies were ultimately selected with the aid of peer review.
Results: The findings showed that gender and age differences influence social networking use. It is worth noting that users often alter their online images and feel worse after comparing themselves to others. Getting fewer likes can make teenagers feel rejected, especially if their peers have victimized them in the past. Besides, the use of social media by adolescents is connected to symptoms of depression, poor sleep, and comparing themselves to others, showing that it can have complex effects on mental health. However, the literature also indicates that social media improves communication, customer management, and engagement, in addition to providing significant learning opportunities.
Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for personal responsibilities, focusing more on core connections rather than hits, likes, and popularity. While social media can be an influential tool for connecting, maintaining relationships, and empowering individuals, an attentive and critical approach is needed to avoid its potential downsides. Excessive use and easy access to social media are more likely to develop an addiction to popularity, self-objectification, and mental illness.

Highlights

Saba Firdos (Google Scholar)

Keywords

References

  1. Rui J, Stefanone MA. Strategic self-presentation online: A cross-cultural study. Computers in human behavior. 2013; 29(1):110-8. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.022.
  2. Ellison NB, Steinfield C, Lampe C. The benefits of Facebook "friends:" Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of computer-mediated communication. 2007;12(4):1143-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  3. McEwan B. Sharing, caring, and surveilling: An actor-partner interdependence model examination of Facebook relational maintenance strategies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2013; 16(12):863-9. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0717. PubMed PMID: 23962125.
  4. Nabi RL, Prestin A, So J. Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking. 2013; 16(10):721-7. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0521. PubMed PMID: 23790356.
  5. Dalvi-Esfahani M, Niknafs A, Alaedini Z, Ahmadabadi HB, Kuss DJ, Ramayah T. Social Media Addiction and Empathy: Moderating impact of personality traits among high school students. Telematics and Informatics. 2021; 57:101516. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2020.101516.
  6. Chen J, Wang Y. Social media use for health purposes: systematic review. Journal of medical Internet research. 2021; 23(5):e17917. doi: 10.2196/17917. PubMed PMID: 33978589. PubMed PMCID: PMC8156131.
  7. Kircaburun K. Effects of Gender and Personality Differences on Twitter Addiction among Turkish Undergraduates. Journal of education and practice. 2016;7(24):33-42. Available from: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/32597.
  8. De Cock R, Vangeel J, Klein A, Minotte P, Rosas O, Meerkerk G-J. Compulsive use of social networking sites in Belgium: Prevalence, profile, and the role of attitude toward work and school. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2014; 17(3):166-71. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2013.0029. PubMed PMID: 24111599.
  9. Vernon L, Barber BL, Modecki KL. Adolescent problematic social networking and school experiences: The mediating effects of sleep disruptions and sleep quality. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2015;18(7):386-92. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0107. PubMed PMID: 26167837.
  10. Satici SA, Uysal R. Well-being and problematic Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015; 49:185-90. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.005.
  11. Błachnio A, Przepiorka A, Pantic I. Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior. 2016; 55:701-5. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.026
  12. Savcı M, Aysan F. Technological addictions and social connectedness: predictor effect of internet addiction, social media addiction, digital game addiction and smartphone addiction on social connectedness. Dusunen Adam. 2017;30(3):202-16. Available from: https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/article/210.
  13. Wood JV. What is social comparison and how should we study it? Personality and social psychology bulletin. 1996; 22(5):520-37. doi: 10.1177/0146167296225009.
  14. Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations. 1954;7(2):117-40. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202.
  15. De Vries ELE. When more likes is not better: the consequences of high and low likes-to-followers ratios for perceived account credibility and social media marketing effectiveness. Mark Lett. 2019;30:275–91. doi: 10.1007/s11002-019-09496-6.
  16. Alghamdi F, Papagiannis F, Michaelides Z. The Marketing Value of Social Media Tools to Business Level Strategy. Journal of Media Critiques. 2017;3(11):97-108. doi: 10.17349/jmc117308.
  17. Avram M, Micallef N, Patil S, Menczer F. Exposure to social engagement metrics increases vulnerability to misinformation. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review. 2020;1(5):1-11. doi: 10.37016/mr-2020-033.
  18. Schurgin G, Clarke-Pearson K. Clinical report-the impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4):800-4. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054. PubMed PMID:21444588.
  19. Chua THH, Chang L. Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls' engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in human behavior. 2016;55:190-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.011.
  20. Fox J, Vendemia MA. Selective self-presentation and social comparison through photographs on social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking. 2016;19(10):593-600. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0248. PubMed PMID:27732079.
  21. Alalwan A, Rana NP, Dwivedi YK, Algharabat R. Social media in marketing: A review and analysis of the existing literature. Telematics and Informatics. 2017;34(7):1177-90. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2017.05.008.
  22. Gray L. Exploring how and why young people use social networking sites. Educational Psychology in Practice. 2018;34(2):175-94. doi: 10.1080/02667363.2018.1425829.
  23. Lee HY, Jamieson JP, Reis HT, Beevers CG, Josephs RA, Mullarkey MC, O'Brien JM, Yeager DS. Getting Fewer "Likes" Than Others on Social Media Elicits Emotional Distress Among Victimized Adolescents. Child Dev. 2020;91(6):2141-2159. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13422. PubMed PMID: 32892358; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7722198.
  24. Charmaraman L, Sode O, Bickham D. Adolescent Mental Health Challenges in the Digital World. In: Technology and Adolescent Health in Schools and Beyond, edited by Megan A. Moreno. Academic Press; 2020. P. 283-304. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817319-0.00012-8.
  25. Lindström B, Bellander M, Schultner DT, Chang A, Tobler PN, Amodio DM. A computational reward learning account of social media engagement. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1311. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19607-x. PubMed PMID:33637702; PubMed PMCID:PMC7910435.
  26. Kross E, Verduyn P, Sheppes G, Costello CK, Jonides J, Ybarra O. Social media and well-being: Pitfalls, progress, and next steps. Trends Cogn Sci. 2021;25(1):55-66. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.005. PubMed PMID: 33187873.
  27. Marengo D, Montag C, Sindermann C, Elhai JD, Settanni M. Examining the links between active Facebook use, received likes, self-esteem and happiness: A study using objective social media data. Telematics and Informatics. 2021;58:101523. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2020.101523.
  28. Zhao J, Jia T, Wang X, Xiao Y, Wu X. Risk Factors Associated With Social Media Addiction: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol. 2022;13:837766. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.837766. PubMed PMID: 35496214; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9046602.
  29. Eynon R, Malmberg L-E. A typology of young people's Internet use: Implications for education. Computers & Education. 2011;56(3):585-95. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.09.020.
  30. Gross EF. Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of applied developmental psychology. 2004; 25(6):633-49. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2004.09.005.
  31. Selfhout MH, Branje SJ, Delsing M, ter Bogt TF, Meeus WH. Different types of Internet use, depression, and social anxiety: the role of perceived friendship quality. J Adolesc. 2009;32(4):819-33. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.011. PubMed PMID: 19027940.
  32. Lenhart A, Madden M. Teens. Teens, Privacy and Online Social Networks. Pew Internet & American Life Project Report; April 18, 2007 [Cited 2023 Oct 7]. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2007/04/18/teens-privacy-and-online-social-networks.
  33. Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Preadolescents' and adolescents' online communication and their closeness to friends. Dev Psychol. 2007;43(2):267-77. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.267. PubMed PMID: 17352538.
  34. Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM. Individual differences in the development of sensation seeking and impulsivity during adolescence: further evidence for a dual systems model. Dev Psychol. 2011;47(3):739-46. doi: 10.1037/a0023279. PubMed PMID: 21534657.
  35. Steinberg L. A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Dev Psychobiol. 2010;52(3):216-24. doi: 10.1002/dev.20445. PubMed PMID: 20213754.
  36. Steinberg L, Albert D, Cauffman E, Banich M, Graham S, Woolard J. Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: evidence for a dual systems model. Dev Psychol. 2008;44(6):1764-78. doi: 10.1037/a0012955. PubMed PMID: 18999337.
  37. Pempek TA, Yermolayeva YA, Calvert SL. College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of applied developmental psychology. 2009;30(3):227-38. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010.
  38. Goffman E. The presentation of self in everyday life. Social Theory Re-Wired: Routledge; 2016. p. 482-93.
  39. Halpern D, Katz JE, Carril C. The online ideal persona vs. the jealousy effect: Two explanations of why selfies are associated with lower-quality romantic relationships. Telematics and Informatics. 2017;34(1):114-23. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2016.04.014.
  40. Chae J. Virtual makeover: Selfie-taking and social media use increase selfie-editing frequency through social comparison. Comput Human Behav. 2017;66:370-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.007.
  41. Chua THH, Chang L. Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls' engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Comput Human Behav. 2016;55:190-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.011.
  42. Vogel EA, Rose JP. Self-reflection and interpersonal connection: Making the most of self-presentation on social media. Transl Issues Psychol Sci. 2016;2(3):294. doi: 10.1037/tps0000076.
  43. Leary MR. Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. New York: Routledge; 1996. doi: 10.4324/9780429497384.
  44. Schlenker BR, Pontari BA. The strategic control of information: Impression management and self-presentation in daily life. In: Tesser A, Felson RB, Suls JM, editors. Psychological perspectives on self and identity. American Psychological Association; 2000. p. 199–232. doi: 10.1037/10357-008.
  45. Lee-Won RJ, Shim M, Joo YK, Park SG. Who puts the best "face" forward on Facebook?: Positive self-presentation in online social networking and the role of self-consciousness, actual-to-total Friends ratio, and culture. Comput Human Behav. 2014;39:413-23. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.08.007.
  46. Gonzales AL, Hancock JT. Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(1-2):79-83. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0411. PubMed PMID: 21329447.
  47. Gentile B, Twenge JM, Freeman EC, Campbell WK. The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation. Comput Human Behav. 2012;28(5):1929-33. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.012.
  48. Toma CL, Hancock JT. Self-affirmation underlies Facebook use. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2013;39(3):321-31. doi: 10.1177/0146167212474694. PubMed PMID: 23359086.
  49. Moradi B, Huang Y-P. Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychol. Women Q. 2008;32(4):377-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x.
  50. Marengo D, Longobardi C, Fabris MA, Settanni M. Highly-visual social media and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: The mediating role of body image concerns. Comput Human Behav. 2018;82:63-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.003.
  51. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Lewis RF. Frequent Use of Social Networking Sites Is Associated with Poor Psychological Functioning Among Children and Adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015;18(7):380-5. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0055. PubMed PMID: 26167836.
  52. Woods HC, Scott H. Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41-9. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008. PubMed PMID: 27294324.
  53. Nesi J, Miller AB, Prinstein MJ. Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms and Subsequent Technology-Based Interpersonal Behaviors: A Multi-Wave Study. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2017;51:12-19. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.02.002. PubMed PMID: 28966426; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5619675.
  54. O'Keeffe GS, Clarke-Pearson K; Council on Communications and Media. The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4):800-4. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0054. PubMed PMID: 21444588.
  55. Boyd DM. Taken Out of Context: American Teen Sociality in Networked Publics [dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California; 2008. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1344756.
  56. Lenhart A, Purcell K, Smith A, Zickuhr K. Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Millennials. Pew Internet & American life project. 2010.
  57. Borja RR. ‘Blogs’ Catching On as Tool for Instruction. Education Week; 2005 Dec 13. [Cited 2023 Oct 7]. Available from: https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/blogs-catching-on-as-tool-for-instruction/2005/12.
  58. Kind T, Evans Y. Social Media for Lifelong Learning. London: Routledge; 2016. P. 42-50. doi: 10.4324/9781315619941-6.
  59. Bennett S. Social Media Facts, Figures & Trends 2014 [Infographic]. ADWEEK; 2014 April 25. [Cited 2023 Oct 7]. Available from: http://www.mediabistro.com/alltwitter/45-social-media-stats_b49582.
  60. Galán AA, Cabañas JG, Cuevas Á, Calderón M, Rumin RC. Large-scale analysis of user exposure to online advertising on Facebook. IEEE Access. 2019;7:11959-71. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2892237.
  61. Powers T, Advincula D, Austin MS, Graiko S, Snyder J. Digital and social media in the purchase decision process: A special report from the Advertising Research Foundation. Journal of advertising research. 2012;52(4):479-89. doi: 10.2501/JAR-52-4-479-489.
  62. Kim AJ, Ko E. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand. Journal of Business research. 2012;65(10):1480-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.014.
  63. Baldwin M, Mussweiler T. The culture of social comparison. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(39):E9067-E9074. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1721555115. Erratum in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(43):E10285. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1816586115. PubMed PMID: 30201717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6166806.
  64. Gilbert P, Price J, Allan S. Social comparison, social attractiveness and evolution: How might they be related? New ideas in Psychology. 1995;13(2):149-65. doi: 10.1016/0732-118X(95)00002-X.
  65. Milyavskaya M, Saffran M, Hope N, Koestner R. Fear of missing out: prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motivation and emotion. 2018;42(5):725-37. doi: 10.1007/s11031-018-9683-5.
  66. Lukoff K, Yu C, Kientz J, Hiniker A. What makes smartphone use meaningful or meaningless? Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies. 2018;2(1):1-26. doi: 10.1145/3191754.
  67. Tiggemann M, Hayden S, Brown Z, Veldhuis J. The effect of Instagram "likes" on women's social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image. 2018;26:90-97. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.07.002. PubMed PMID: 30036748.
  68. Rousseau A, Eggermont S, Frison E. The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Comput Human Behav. 2017;73:336-44. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.056.
  69. Dijkstra P, Gibbons FX, Buunk AP. Social comparison theory. In: Maddux JE, Tangney JP, editors. Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology. New York: Guilford Press; 2010. P. 195–211.
  70. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(6):1063-70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063. PubMed PMID: 3397865.
  71. Appel H, Gerlach AL, Crusius J. The interplay between Facebook use, social comparison, envy, and depression. Curr Opin Psychol. 2016;9:44-9. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.006.
  72. Feinstein BA, Hershenberg R, Bhatia V, Latack JA, Meuwly N, Davila J. Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychology of popular media culture. 2013;2(3):161. doi: 10.1037/a0033111.
  73. Haferkamp N, Krämer NC. Social comparison 2.0: examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(5):309-14. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0120. PubMed PMID: 21117976.
  74. Steers M-LN, Wickham RE, Acitelli LK. Seeing everyone else's highlight reels: How Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2014;33(8):701-31. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2014.33.8.701.
  75. Lin K-Y, Lu H-P. Why people use social networking sites: An empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory. Comput Human Behav. 2011;27(3):1152-61. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.12.009.
  76. Crone EA, Konijn EA. Media use and brain development during adolescence. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):588. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03126-x. PubMed PMID: 29467362; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5821838.
  77. Mahata D, Talburt JR, Singh VK. From chirps to whistles: discovering event-specific informative content from Twitter. WebSci '15: Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference; 2015 28 June-1 July 2; Oxford, United Kingdom. USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2015. doi: 10.1145/2786451.2786476.
  78. Rajiv R S, Debanjan M, Mayank M, Roger Z. Leveraging Multimodal Semantics and Sentiments Information in Event Understanding and Summarization. Psychol Behav Sci Int J. 2017;6(5):555699. doi: 10.19080/PBSIJ.2017.06.555699.
  79. Büttner CM, Lalot F, Rudert SC. Showing with whom I belong: The desire to belong publicly on social media. Comput Human Behav. 2023;139:107535. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107535.
  80. Büttner CM, Rudert SC. Why didn't you tag me?!: Social exclusion from Instagram posts hurts, especially those with a high need to belong. Comput Human Behav. 2022;127:107062. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107062.
  81. Karahanna E, Xu SX, Xu Y, Zhang NA. The needs-affordances-features perspective for the use of social media. Mis Quarterly. 2018;42(3):737-56. doi: 10.25300/MISQ/2018/11492.
  82. Sheldon P, Bryant K. Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Comput Human Behav. 2016;58:89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.059.
  83. Robinson A, Bonnette A, Howard K, Ceballos N, Dailey S, Lu Y, Grimes T. Social comparisons, social media addiction, and social interaction: An examination of specific social media behaviors related to major depressive disorder in a millennial population. J Appl Behav Res. 2019; 24:e12158. doi: 10.1111/jabr.12158.
  84. Lagerspetz E, Truong HTT, Tarkoma S, Asokan N. MDoctor: A mobile malware prognosis application. ICDCSW '14: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 34th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops; 2014, 30 June-3 July. USA: IEEE Computer Society; 2014. doi: 10.1109/ICDCSW.2014.36.
  85. Leary MR, Kowalski RM. Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychol Bull. 1990;107(1):34. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34.
  86. Rideout V, Fox S. Digital health practices, social media use, and mental well-being among teens and young adults in the US. San Francisco: Hopelab & Well Being Trust; 2018. Available from: https://hopelab.org/reports/pdf/a-national-survey-by-hopelab-and-well-being-trust-2018.pdf.
  87. Sindermann C, Elhai JD, Montag C. Predicting tendencies towards the disordered use of Facebook's social media platforms: On the role of personality, impulsivity, and social anxiety. Psychiatry Res. 2020;285:112793. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112793. PubMed PMID: 32058879.
  88. Chung KL, Morshidi I, Yoong LC, Thian KN. The role of the dark tetrad and impulsivity in social media addiction: Findings from Malaysia. Personality and Individual Differences. 2019;143:62-7. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.016.
  89. Droutman V, Xue F, Barkley-Levenson E, Lam HY, Bechara A, Smith B, Lu ZL, Xue G, Miller LC, Read SJ. Neurocognitive decision-making processes of casual methamphetamine users. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;21:101643. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101643. PubMed PMID: 30612937; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6411911.
  90. Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Griffiths MD. The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addict Behav. 2017;64:287-293. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006. PubMed PMID: 27072491.
  91. Vannucci A, Flannery KM, Ohannessian CM. Social media use and anxiety in emerging adults. J Affect Disord. 2017 Jan 1;207:163-166. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.040. PubMed PMID: 27723539.
  92. Baltaci Ö. The predictive relationships between the social media addiction and social anxiety, loneliness, and happiness. International Journal of Progressive Education. 2019;15(4):73-82. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2019.203.6.
  93. Primack BA, Shensa A, Escobar-Viera CG, Barrett EL, Sidani JE, Colditz JB, et al. Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Comput Human Behav. 2017;69:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013.
  94. Dossey L. FOMO, digital dementia, and our dangerous experiment. Explore (NY). 2014;10(2):69-73. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2013.12.008. PubMed PMID: 24607071.
Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences
Volume 15, Issue 4 - Serial Number 59
December 2024
Pages 300-315

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics